@article {525, title = {Observations on development and metamorphosis of Siphonosoma cumanense with comparative remarks on Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula, Sipunculidae)}, journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science}, volume = {42}, number = {1}, year = {1988}, note = {ABST: THE DEVEL OF S.C. DESCRIBED FROM FERTILIZ THRU TROCHOPHORE \& PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA LARVAL STAGES \& METAM OF PELAG. TO JUVINLE. THE PLANTO. PELAGOSPHERA LARVA BECOMES COMPETENT TO METAM AT 8 WKS OF AGE, AT WHICH TIME METAM CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOS TO SEDIMENT PREVIOUSLY OCCUPIED BY ADULTS OF THIS SPP. THE RESEMBL OF THIS PEL. LARV. REARED IN THE LAB FROM KNOWN ADULTS TO THAT OF AN OCEANIC LARVA FREQUENTLY COLLECTED IN THE GULF ST. SYST. CONFIRMS THE PREVIOUSLY TENTATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE OCEANIC LARV AS S.C. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY IN WHICH A SIP SP KNOWN TO POSSESS A PLANKTONIC OCEANIC LARVA HAS BEEN REARED IN THE LAB FROM FERT > JUVIN. COMPARISON OF DEVEL OF S.C. \& S.N. BOTH IN SAME FAMILY SHOW MARKED DIFFERENCES. WHEREAS IN S.C. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF SPP IN OTHER FAMILIES OF SIP WHICH HAVE PLANKTO DEVELOPMENT, IN S.N. THE EMBRYO DIFFERS IN THAT IT IS ENCLOSED BY CILIATED CELLS WHICH ARE PRESUMED HOMOLOGUES TO THE PROTOTROCH CELLS OF OTHER SPP, AND, AT TRANSFORMATION TO THE PELAGOSPHERA, IT CASTS OFF THESE CELLS AS THE ENTIRE OVERLYING EGG ENVELOPE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PECULIAR DEVELOP. FEATURES OF S.N. ARE NOT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FAMILY SIP{\textquoteright}DAE \& CAN BE CONSIDERED AS HIGHLY MODIFIED WITHIN THE PHYLUM. *(GO TO F4) FIRST SENTENCE, REFERS TO 4 FAMILIES AS PER S\&E!! COLLECTED IN PUERTO RICO; SPAWN IN SEPT/OCT; BOTH NEPH AT SAME TIME - FORCEFUL; MALES ALSO BUT DIDN{\textquoteright}T CLEAR THE BURROW AS MUCH AS FEMALES. FEMALES ALL GONE AT ONCE, MALES REPEATED SMALL BURSTS OVER EXTENDED PERIOD (UP TO 2 HRS \& UP TO 55/HR). EGGS SPHERICL. \& AVER. 122UM DIAM. EGG ENVELOPE 5-6UM THICK W DISTINCT PORES; SPERMATOZOA IS OF PRIMATIVE TYPE W ROUNDED HEAD, BASAL MITOCHONDRIA SPHERES AND ELONGATE TAIL. DEVELOPMENT: 8 CELLS AFTER 1H,50MIN \& 4D CELL BIG, OTHER MACRO \& MICRO SMALL \& EQUAL TO EACH OTHER. 4HRS > BLASTOMERE W EQUATORIAL PROTOTROCH \& FEW APICAL CILIA; BY 7 HRS ACTIVE SWIMMING; BY 11 HRS POSIT. PHOTOTROPIC. ... 48 HRS GUT W 3 PARTS> ESOPH, STOM, INTEST;= TROCHOPHORE. AT 58 HRS SECRETE MUCUS FROM TAIL \& ATTACH TO ONE ANOTHER. ... META TO PELAGOSP AT 60-70 HRS. MOUTH OPENS IN VENTRAL PRETROCH.. EGG ENVELOPE RUPT. FOR ANUS TOO. POSTERIOR TERMINAL ORGAN FORMS \& PROTOTROCH LOST \& METATROCH FORMS. ... 14 DAY LARVA FEEDS ON PHYTOPL. OR BOTTOM DETRITUS. TERMIN. ATTACHMENT ORGAN WELL FORMED.. ATTACH FOR SHORT PERIODS - *PICK UP AT 6 WEEKS* * GO TO RICE2.MON}, pages = {1-15}, keywords = {development, siph. cumanense}, author = {Rice, M. E.} } @inbook {519, title = {18. Sipuncula: developmental evidcence for phylogenetic inference}, booktitle = {The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates}, year = {1985}, note = {@ SIPS ARE...PHYLUM. A REVIEW OF DEVEL. FEATURES SHOWS SIMILARITIES TO ANNELIDS \& MOLL. CLEAV. SPIRAL GIVING TROCH. LARV. LIKE MOLL, THE CROSS CELLS FO THE APICAL PLATE ARE IN THE RADIAL POSITION. LIKE ANN. IN PROTO \& METATROCHAL CILIARY BANDS, FORMULATION OF LARVAL CUTICLE FROM EGG ENVELOPE, AND ESPECIALY IN DEVEL OF NERV. SYST. DIFFER FROM ANN BY NO SEGMENT. THUS, PROPOSED THAT SIPS AR A PRIMATIVE GRUOP THAT AROSE FROM A MOLLUSCAN-ANNELIDAN STEM. WITHIN PHYL PRIM PATT PRESUMED TO HAVE INCLUDED A MODERATLY YOLKY EGG COVERED BY A THICK EGG ENVELOPE, A NON-FEEDING TROCH ENCIRCLED BY THE PERSISTANT EGG ENVELOPE, AND A PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHEREA LARVA. THIS DEVEL. PATT IS ASSUMED TO HAVE ARISEN FROM AN ANCESTRAL PATT W A PLANKTOTROPHIC TROCHOPHORE AND AN EGG LIVING IN A SIMPLE ENVELOPE AND LOW YOLK CONTENT. PLANKTOTORPHY IN SIPS, APPARENTLY RETARDED BY THE DEVEL OF THICK EGG ENVEL. AND AN ASSOCIATED MODERATE INCREASE IN YOLK, WAS ACCORDINGLY SHIFTED TO THE SPECIALIZED LARVAL FORM, THE PELAGOSPHERA. BASED ON THESE HYPOTHESES, TWO EVOL. SEQUENCES CAN BE DEFINED IN EXTANT DEVEL PATT OF SIPS: 1 > INCR YOLK \& DECRE IN PELAG STAGE \& OTHER > REDUC YOLK \& PROLONG PELAG STGE AS LONG-LIVD PLANK{\textquoteright}PHIC PEL{\textquoteright}SPHA OF OPEN OCEAN}, pages = {274-296}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, organization = {Oxford University Press}, address = {Oxford}, keywords = {development, phylogeny}, author = {Rice, M. E.}, editor = {Morris, S. C. and George, J. D. and Gibson, R. and Platt, H. M.} } @article {535, title = {Larval development and metamorphosis of Siphonosoma cumanense (Keferstein, l867)}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {24}, year = {1984}, pages = {47A}, keywords = {development, LARVAE, siph. cumanense}, author = {Rice, M. E. and Reichardt, H. F.} } @inbook {518, title = {Sipuncula}, booktitle = {Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Oogenesis, Oviposition and Oosorption}, year = {1983}, pages = {283-296}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons Ltd}, organization = {John Wiley \& Sons Ltd}, keywords = {development}, author = {Rice, M. E.}, editor = {Adiyodi, K. G. and Adiyodi, R. G.} } @article {517, title = {Larvae adrift: patterns and problems in life histories of sipunculans}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {21}, number = {3}, year = {1981}, note = {@ NO ABST OR SUMM - HER PRESID. ADDRESS, LOTS OF GOOD PICS. PROBABLY NEED THIS ONE READ. - MARG? DEC 90; CAL; GENERAL INTRO OF BENTH MAR.INVERTS. \& LARVAL LIFE; TELOPLANIC LARV; OVERVIEW...; HER WORK SUMM{\textquoteright}IZD. OVERVIEW OF PATT. \& PROBLEMS IN LIFE HIST. OF SIPS; MORPH OF OCEANIC LARV. 1ST RECORD IS HACKER 1898; LISTS LIT. REF. FOR DESCRIPTIONS... ONLY RECENT DESCRIPT ON RELAXED STUFF USEFUL .. BASIC MORPHOL OF OC. LARV. NOW WELL KNOWN - HEAD, W MIDREGION WITH METATR, POSTERIOR TNK; VENTRAL MOUTH, LIP, GLANDS, BUCCAL ORGAN (LARV. STRUCT.) PAIR OF EYESP \& SHORT BAND OF CILIA (REM OF PROTOTR); MID... INFLATABLE SECTIOON; HEAD \& MIDREGION CAN BE WITHDRN INTO POST TNK - LARGEST W LARGE COELOM \& ORGANS; ANUS ANT. TNK \& GUT RECURVED; VNC \& BRAIN..; CHANGE IN SHAPE..; TERMINAL ORG VARIABLE IN SIZE...; CAN STICK TAIL IN MOUTH; DIFFERENCES IN COLOR, LIP SHAPE, EYE COLOR; SKIN SMOOTH OR RUFF; METAMORPH; LOSS OF METATR. TENTS; ELONG MID REG TO FORM INTROVERT. MOUTH MOVES FROM VENT TO TERM; DETAILS VARY AMONG SPP; 15 OUT OF 30 COLLECETED TYPES HAVE BEEN ASSIGNED TO GENERA; SIX NAMED; S{\textquoteright}LUS; S{\textquoteright}SOMA{\textquoteright} GOLF; ASP, PARASP, PH{\textquoteright}SOMA; ONLY IN G. MISAK IS METAM CONSIST- OTHERS SPORADIC; G.M; TO SEX. MATUR - SEE RICE 78 FOR DETAILS? SEV. PICS FIG. 10-17; INFORMED ASSUMPT. ABOUT DIFF IN YOUNG \& OLD LARV \& REV. OF METAM CHANGES; SAME AS H \& S{\textquoteright}S TYPE C \& THEY COLL ALL OVER ATLANTIC; .5-.8MM; DISCRIP OF LARV...; METAM AFTER 1-2MONTHS; TRIED DIFF WAYS OF INDUCING METAM; SUMM; WATER SOLUBL FACTOR... AS ELSEWHERE...; LARV. ONLY RESPOND IF SUBST. PRESENT TOO; 2 WKS JUVIN. COMPLETLY FORMED; TNK 1MM, INTRO 2-3MM; SEX. MATURE AT 9 MONTHS; EGSS FROM THESE BECAME TROCH AFTER 24 HRS; AT 4 DAYS METAM INTO PELAGO LARV; THESE LARV. LIVED FOR UP TO 3 MONTHS; SOME DIFF BETW. LAB LARV. \& OCEAN LARV; ATTACH \& GRAZE AS LARV, OR SWIM SLOWLY ALONG BOTTOM..; OLDER LARV. MORE LIMITED IN FEEDING OPTIONS COMPETANT TO METAM ONLY AFTER 3-4 MONTHS; YOUNG AS BENTHIC FORM, OLDER AS PLNAKTONIC - YOUNG WELL EQUIPED TO FEED \& GROW..; OLDER FOR DISPERAL \& SETTLEMENT, NO MORE GROWTH. CAN DISCRIM ENV.; YOUNG LARV STAY NEAR MOM, FEED \& GROW THEN TURN LOOSE \& WANDER. OCEAN LARV \& LAB LARV W SAME ID CHARACT.; HKS LITTLE DIFF; OTHER DIFF IN EMBRYOL. ATTRIB. MORE INFO NEEDED. SHE IS COMPARING CARIB POP. TO LAB. TO EXAMINE VARIABILITY...; SUMMARY; VARIAT OF PATT..; LONG LIVED LARV - WIDE DISTRIB. - LARV. REARING IN LAB..; ....REPEAT..}, pages = {605-619}, keywords = {development, LARVAE}, author = {Rice, M. E.} } @inbook {515, title = {Morphological and behavioral changes at metamorphosis in the Sipuncula}, booktitle = {Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae}, year = {1978}, note = {@ PELAGOSPHERA LARVAE, COLLECTED FROM OPEN-OCEAN PLANKTON, WERE REARED IN THE LAB TO SEXUALLY MATURE ADULTS AND IDENTIFIED AS GOLFINGIA MISAKIANA. FROM SPAWNING OF THESE ADULTS, EMBRYOS WERE REARED THROUGH THE TROCHOPHORE TO THE PELAGOSPHERA AND FROM PEL TO THE JUVENILE. BEHAV. CHANGES AT METAMORPH ARE NOTED AND A PROCEDURE IS REPORTED FOR INDUCING METAM OF THE PEL IN THE LAB. LITERAT. ON METAM IN SIPS IS REVIEWED. *TABLE 1 LISTS THE 4 PATTERNS OF DEV \& THE SPP KNOWN FROM EACH TYPE MAY NEED TO LOOK AT THIS IN EVOLUT CONTEXT AGAIN - AT FIRST BLUSH SEEM TO BE MORE ECOLOGICAL GROUPINGS THAN EVOLUT/PHYLOG.? TYPE 3 W PRIMATIVE SPP? - WENT 2 WAYS - SIMPLER IN COLD TEMPER \& COMPLEX IN TROPICS? * READ THIS MORE CAREFULLY *}, pages = {83-102}, publisher = {Elsevier North-Holland biomedical}, organization = {Elsevier North-Holland biomedical}, keywords = {development, metamorphosis}, author = {Rice, M. E.}, editor = {Rice, M. E. and Chia,} } @article {687, title = {Functional development in four species of the Sipuncula}, journal = {University of Hawaii, dissertation}, year = {1977}, note = {ABSTRACT: UNIQUE LARV; PELAGOSPHERA; EITHER LECITHO OR PLANKTO TROPHIC. 3 PLANKTO LARV \& 1 LECITHO OF T. LAGEN; TWO OF 3 ARE SAND BURROWING \& THE OTHER ROCK BOR; T.L. W NO TROCHOPHORE BUT DIRECT FROM EGG TO PELAGO; METAMORPHOSIS...; 4 MAIN TENT. STEMS OF T.L....; METAM OF OTHER TYPES...; RAPID IN SAND BURROWING FORMS TO PROTECT HEAD ORGANS..; SLOWER IN ROCK BORERS; TABLE OF CONTENTS OF DISSERTATION: INTRO, M\&M; GEN. DESCRIPT OF DEVEL \& METAMORPH; 2. CELLULAR ANATOMY OF DEVEL STAGES; 3. DISC \& COMPARISON OF DEVEL WITHIN SIPS; 4. EVOLUT. OF SIPS; SUMM, APPEND, SIT. CHAPT. OF EVOLUT.- P.195; JAGERST{\textquoteright}S THEORY - 2 SETS OF CHARACTERS - LARV. \& ADULT;... ADULTATION AS PROCESS RE JAG..; THESE LARV. CONTAIN ANCESTRAL ADULT CHARACTERS...; HIS ANCESTRAL MORPH... ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN TERMS OF LOSS OF HEAD STRUCT \& MODIF OF GUT IN RESPONSE TO SEDENTARY LIFE STYLE. THESE HUNG AROND IN LARV.; LARVL STAGE MORE CONSERVATIVE..; LATER ADULTS PRODUCED MORE YOLK > LECITHO ... THEN ANCIENT ADULT TRAITS DISSAPEARED. THIS LATER TYPE W FEWER ANCESTRAL TRAITS - (*SO THESE SPP ARE MORE SPECIALIZED?) HER MODIFIC OF JAG{\textquoteright}S.. MODEL.. PATTERN WITHIN PHYLUM; RICE{\textquoteright}S 4 MODIF IN RECENT TIMES OF LECITHO WITHIN THE PHYLUM. DIAGRAMS... FIG. 46 PHYLO TREE OF JAG. 1972 FIG. 47 COMPARISON OF DEV PATT W{\textquoteright}IN PHYL AS ENVISIONED BY DIFF WORKERS; RICE, JAG, WILL, (P.202);}, pages = {1-218}, keywords = {development, microfilm $\#$780l05900000}, author = {Williams, J. A.} } @article {513, title = {Larval development and metamorphosis in Sipuncula}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {16}, year = {1976}, note = {@ BRIEF REVIEW OF DEVEL.IN SIPS - 4 PATTERNS; 1. DIRECT W NO PELAG STAGE; 2. ONE LECITHOTROPHIC TROCHOPHORE; 3. 2 LARV STG, A LECI TROCH \& LECI PELAGO; 4. 2 LARV. STG., LECI TROCH \& PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA. LARV. TYPES \& THEIR METAMORPH DESCRIBED, SPECIAL ATTENTION TO DEVEL \& MORPH OF LARV CUTICLE. IN MOST SPP STUDIED THE EGG ENVILOPE TRANSFORMED TO LARV CUTI AT METAMOR OF TROCH. SURF. PAPS ON MANY PELAGO LARV., DIVERSE FORMS; UNDERLYING CUTI OF LAYERS OF FIBERS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE ANOTHER.}, pages = {563-571}, keywords = {cuticle, development, LARVAE}, author = {Rice, M. E.} } @article {692, title = {Larval development and metamorphosis in Sipuncula}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {16}, year = {1976}, note = {@ BRIEF REVIEW OF DEVEL.IN SIPS - 4 PATTERNS; 1. DIRECT W NO PELAG STAGE; 2. ONE LECITHOTROPHIC TROCHOPHORE; 3. 2 LARV STG, A LECI TROCH \& LECI PELAGO; 4. 2 LARV. STG., LECI TROCH \& PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA. LARV. TYPES \& THEIR METAMORPH DESCRIBED, SPECIAL ATTENTION TO DEVEL \& MORPH OF LARV CUTICLE. IN MOST SPP STUDIED THE EGG ENVILOPE TRANSFORMED TO LARV CUTI AT METAMOR OF TROCH. SURF. PAPS ON MANY PELAGO LARV., DIVERSE FORMS; UNDERLYING CUTI OF LAYERS OF FIBERS AT RIGHT ANGLES TO ONE ANOTHER.}, pages = {563-571}, keywords = {cuticle, development, LARVAE}, author = {Rice, M. E.} } @inbook {510, title = {Observations on the development of six species of Caribbean Sipuncula with a review of development in the phylum}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula and Echiura}, year = {1975}, note = {KOTOR PROC 15 SPP IN 7 GENERA DEVEL REVIEWED... 6 CARIB. SPP REPORTED FOR FIRSDT TIME. ASP.FISCHERI, P{\textquoteright}LION CRYPTUS, PH*. ANTILLL, PH. PERLUCENS, PH. VARIANS, TH. ALUT. 4 PATTERNS DEFINED: 1. DIRECT WITH NO PELAGIC STAGE 2. ONE PELAGIC STAGE - TROCHOPHORE 3. TWO PELAGIC STAGES - TROCH \& LECITHOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA, 4. TWO PELAGIC STAGES - TROCH \& PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF DEVEL. PATT. ARE DISCUSSED. *MOST REPEATED IN LATER STUFF - RETURN IF YOU NEED DETAILS *SOME PHYLOGENETIC COMMENTS- ESSENTIALLY A SEPARATE GROUP RELATED TO COMMON ANCESTOR OF ANNELIDS AND MOLLUSCS - NON SEGM. LARVAE \& PELAGOSPH LARV. UNIQUE.}, pages = {141-160}, publisher = {Naucno Delo Press}, organization = {Naucno Delo Press}, address = {Belgrade}, keywords = {development}, author = {Rice, M. E.}, editor = {Rice, M. E. and Todorovic, M.} } @inbook {315, title = {The annual reproductive cycle of Phascolosoma lurco (Sipuncula)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the international symposium on the biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura}, year = {1975}, note = {KOTOR PROC FEMALES MUST BE 2 YEARS OLD. OVARY LIKE G.BULG . TESTIS SIMILAR TO OVARY EXCEPT AROUND DISTAL END WHERE MATURE GAMETES RELEASED. OOCYTES APPEAR IN APRIL/MAY BUT SPERM NOT UNTIL DEC. SPAWNING FROM DEC-FEB. SO 6-7 MONTHS FOR OVA TO MATURE, 2-3 MONTHS LESS THAN FOR G.VULG. OR PH. AGASSIZII. MALES SPAWN OVER LONGER TIME THAN FEMALES.}, pages = {161-168}, publisher = {Naucno Delo Press}, organization = {Naucno Delo Press}, address = {Belgrade}, keywords = {development, ph. lurco}, author = {Green, A. W.}, editor = {Rice, M. E. and Todorovic, M.} } @inbook {319, title = {The annual reproductive cycle of Phascolosoma lurco (Sipuncula)}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the international symposium on the biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura}, year = {1975}, note = {KOTOR PROC FEMALES MUST BE 2 YEARS OLD. OVARY LIKE G.BULG . TESTIS SIMILAR TO OVARY EXCEPT AROUND DISTAL END WHERE MATURE GAMETES RELEASED. OOCYTES APPEAR IN APRIL/MAY BUT SPERM NOT UNTIL DEC. SPAWNING FROM DEC-FEB. SO 6-7 MONTHS FOR OVA TO MATURE, 2-3 MONTHS LESS THAN FOR G.VULG. OR PH. AGASSIZII. MALES SPAWN OVER LONGER TIME THAN FEMALES.}, pages = {161-168}, publisher = {Naucno Delo Press}, organization = {Naucno Delo Press}, address = {Belgrade}, keywords = {development, ph. lurco}, author = {Green, W. A.}, editor = {Rice, M. E. and Todorovic, M.} } @article {112, title = {El desarrollo de Themiste petricola (Amor, 1964) (Sipuncula, Golfingiidae)}, journal = {Physis, Buenos Aires, secc. A}, volume = {34}, number = {89}, year = {1975}, note = {IN SPANISH. WITH ENGLLISH ABST; THE SPHERICAL EGG OF TH. PETRICOLA IS 156 UM DIAM W MODERATE YOLK. SPIRAL CL. BUT IN 8-CELL STG THE MICROMERES OF A, B \& C,QUADS ARE LARGER THAN THE MACROMERES. DEVEL IS INDIRECT W PELAGIC LECITOTROPHIC TROCHOPHORE STAGE WHICH METAM INTO A LECITO. BENTHI-PELAGIC LARV (PELAGOSPHEREA). PERIOD BETW FERTIL OF EGG \& FIRST METAMORPH IS ABOUT 1 WEEK. DEVEL PATT OF T.P. IS CMOPARED W PREVIOUSLY STUDIED SPP OF GOLF{\textquoteright}IDAE. LARV COLLECTED IN SANTA CLARA DEL MAR ON ATLANT. COAST OF ARGENTINA.}, pages = {359-370}, keywords = {development, th. petricola}, author = {Amor, A.} } @article {300, title = {Gametogenesis and spawning in a hermaphroditic population of Golfingia minuta (Sipuncula) ________________}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, volume = {55}, year = {1975}, note = {@ ANNUAL CYCLE OF GAMETOGENESIS \& SPAWNING IN G.M. ; INTERTIDAL POP IN DEVON; HERMAPHRODITIC, SPERM \& OOCYTES PRODUCED SIMULTANEOUSLY \& SELF-FERT. SPAWNS NOV-JAN; 10-120 EGGS, 240-280UM X 200-220UM; LAID IN ADULT BURROW \& DIRECT LECITHOTROPHIC DEVELOP. HERMAPHO IN G.M. DISC IN RELATION TO TAXONOMY OF SP. PROPOSED THAT DIOECIOUS \& HERMAPH FORMS ARE 2 DIFF SPP. UNDER NAME G. DIAPHANES \& G. MINUTA RESPECTIVELY.}, pages = {69-82}, keywords = {development, g. minuta, hermaphro.}, author = {Gibbs, P. E.} } @article {508, title = {Morphology, behavior and histogenesis of the pelagosphera larva of Phascolosoma agassizii (Sipuncula) ______________________}, journal = {Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology}, volume = {132}, year = {1973}, note = {@ MORPHOL, BEHAV, HISTOGEN DESCRIB FOR PH.AG. PELAGOSPHERA LARV. STRUCTURES FOLLOWED ARE: BODY WALL, COELOM \& ITS ELEMENTS, RET. MUSC, GUT, BUCCAL ORGAN, LIP GLAND, NERV. SYST., NEPHRID, LARV. GLANDS \& TERMINAL ORG. FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ORGANS ASSOCIATED WITHT HE MOUTH... INTRA \& INTER-PHYLETIC COMPARISONS OF DEVEL ARE DISC.. GENERAL MORPH OF LARV \& FEW OBS. ON LARV. LOCOMO \& FEEDING IN THE LAB. *READ FOR MORE DETAIL LATER? PROBABLY TOOK MOST OF THIS INTO HER LATER PAPERS \& REHASHED IT THERE FOR MORE GENERAL AUDIENCE. ?USE THOSE INSTEAD? ESPEC ON PHYLOGENY}, pages = {1-51}, keywords = {development, ontogeny, ph. agassizi, phylogeny}, author = {Rice, M. E.} } @article {686, title = {Development of a rock burrowing sipunculid inhabiting stony coral}, journal = {American Zoologist}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {1972}, pages = {723}, keywords = {CORAL BIOEROSION, development}, author = {Williams, J. A.} } @article {107, title = {The development of Golfingia elongata Keferstein (Sipunculidea) with some remarks on the development of neurosecretory cells in sipunculids}, journal = {Arkiv F{\"o}r Zoologi}, volume = {13}, number = {23}, year = {1961}, note = {@ POORLY KNOWN; ONLY 6 SPP.; ONLY 3 / 13 GENERA. 5/6 DEVELOPMENT SIMILAR, DIFFERENCE IN AMOUNT OF YOLK; G. VULGARE \& G. GOULDI POOR IN YOLK. G.V. PROVIDED GOOD STUDY MATERIAL FOR FERT \& CLEAV (GEROULD 04 \& 07). P{\textquoteright}LION STROMBI DIFFERS BY HAVING A LECITOTROPHIC STAGE OF 30 DAYS, TWICE THAT OF G.V \& G.G. P.ST. MOST INTERESTING STRUCTURE IS SPECIEAL GLANDULAR EPIDERMAL ORGANS, SYMMET. ARRANGED IN 6 CIRCLETS W 4 ORGANS IN EACH CIRCLET (AKES, 58). IN G. MINUTA, ONLY KNOWN HERMAPH SIP, EGGS ENORMOUSLy rich YOLK \& LECITO. STAGE LASTS FOR 2 MONTHS. PRIMATIVE BROOD PROTECTION (AK 58). *THIS WAS INTRO - THOUGHT WAS ABST. SUMMARY 1. G. ELONGATA FOLLOWED FROM 1ST CLEAV. TO 21 DAYS. OLDER LARV \& JUVINILES COLLECTED FROM NORMAL BIOTOPE. 2. PRIMATIVE TYPE AS IN OTHER GOLFINGIA \& P.STROMBI. RICH IN YOLK BUT W ARCHENTERON. SWIM W METATROCH FOR 5 DAYS. 3. METAMORPH AT 48 HRS. EGG MEMB PERSISTS AS LARV. CUTICLE. THEN DEVELOP PROM. TERMINAL GLANDULAR ORGAN. CIRCLETS OF EPIDERMAL PAPIL FOUND IN LARV FROM SWEDISH WEST COAST BUT NOT FROM ROSCOFF. 4. *SEE F4 4. DEVEL OF APICAL ORGAN SPECIAL ATTENTION. THE LARV. CEREBRAL ORGAN COMES FROM DESCENDANTS OF THE ROSETTE CELLS. SURROUNDING MARGINAL CELLS FROM THE CEREBRAL GANGION. NO DEMARCATION BETW THESE 2 FOR A LONG TIME. 5. 2 INVERTED OCELLI FORMED FROM SUPERFICIAL CELLS OF APICAL PLATE. LATER EMBEDDED IN BRAIN. PERM. INVERTED EYES DEVELOPE INDEPENDENTLY IN JUVIN. 6. LARV. CER. ORG. SOON BECOME SECRETORY. WHEN BRAIN SEPARATES THESE SECRET. CELLS LIE WITHING BRAIN CAPSULE. RUNNIGN TO THE CENTRAL NEUROPILE. LATER THESE HAVE NO DEMONSTRATED SECRET. ACTIVI BUT IN S. NUDUS CELL GROUPS IN SAME POSITION FORM MOST PROMIN TYPE OF NEUROSEC. CELLS. *MAY WANT TO READ SOME OF THE DISCUSSION PART OF THIS* *MARG.L. ON TAPE; FROM INTERTIDAL ZOSTER AT ROSCOFF; SPAWN AT NITE; *SEE AKES.MON FOR REST OF THESE NOTES TAKEN OFF TAPE.}, pages = {511-531}, keywords = {cerebral organ, development, neurosecretion}, author = {{\r A}kesson, B.} } @article {108, title = {Some observations on Pelagosphaera larvae (Sipunculoidea)}, journal = {Galathea Report}, volume = {5}, year = {1961}, pages = {7-17}, keywords = {development, LARVAE}, author = {{\r A}kesson, B.} } @article {106, title = {A study of the nervous system of the sipunculoideae, with some remarks on the development of the two species Phascolion strombi Montagu and Golfingia minuta Keferstein}, journal = {Undersokningar over Oresund}, volume = {38}, year = {1958}, note = {@ SUMMARY: 1. WHERE WORK DONE 2. DEVEL OF P{\textquoteright}LION STROMBI \& G. MINUTA STUDIED. STROM VERY SIMIL TO G. VULG \& G. GOULDI - ALL PRIMITIVE; \& SIMILAR TO POLYCH. LONG BREEDING SEASON, GAMETES DEVEL IN COELOM, SPAWNING OF EPIDEMIC TYPE. EARLY CL. SPIRAL; EPIBOLIC GASTRUL.; EMBRY W 6 DAY PELAGIC STGE; DURING PELAG. STAGE THEY{\textquoteright}RE BOTTOM DWELLERS, NEVER FOUND IN PLANKTON; LECITOTROPHIC \& PELAG PH. FOR DISPERSAL ONLY. AT END OF PELAG, EGG MEMB > CUTICULA \& WITHIN THIS SHELTER THE PROTOTROCH DISOLVED \& YOLK FORCED INTO COELOM. AT SAME TIME FIRST CIRCLET OF EPIDERMAL ORGANS APPEAR. EVENTUALLY = 6 CIRCL; \& METAMERIC ARRANGEMENT (?) SAME AS IN G. ELONG.; HAVE DELECATE BRISTLES = CONDENSED SECRETION. DIR. DEV \& BROOD PROTECTIONS; LARV. EPI ORG. FORMED BUT NO BRIST \& RANDOM ARRANGM. 3. RETS \& CIRC. MUSCL DEVEL FROM ECTOMESOBLASTS. LONGI MUSCL FROM SOMATIC LAYER OF MESODERM SACS. VENT NRV CRD DELAMINATED FROM ECTODERM BEFORE CIRC. MUSC FORMED. CONNEC TISS \& PARANEURAL MUSC FROM MESOD SACS. V.N.C BEGINS AS UNPAIRED MEDIAN THICKENING. SECRE. FUNCT. THIS REDUCES LATER. 4. THESE 2 SPP COMPARED TO OTHERS 5. NERV. SYST OF 14 SPP IN 8 GENERA; SMALLER SPP W SIMPLER BRAINS, LARGER W MORE COMPLEX; IN SIPUNCULSU \& G. MINUTA BRAIN MOVED POST \& CONNECTED VIA CEREBRAL TUBE TO OUTSIDE; OTHERS W BRAIN IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH TENTAC.; CEREBR. ORG. WELL DEV IN SIP{\textquoteright}LUS ONLY. ?PERHAPS ONLY VESTIGE OF LARV. CER. ORG. EYES OF ADULT OF EVERSE TYPE - ECTODERMAL INFOLDINGS W SOLID CUTICULAR PLUGS IN S{\textquoteright}LUS, SMALL SPP (PRIM{\textquoteright}VE); IN MORE HIGHLY ORGANIZED EYES THE INNERMOST PART OF EYE IS DISTENDED \& FILLED W AMORPHOUS SECRETION. BEST DEV. EYES IS GOLF(GOLF) \& DENDROST. CYMOD.; THESE HAVE REFRACTIVE BODY IN INNER PART OF OCULAR TUBE. IN SIP{\textquoteright}LUS SECONDARY {\textquoteright}TENTACULAR{\textquoteright} EYES DEVEL; NUCHAL ORG. FOUND IN ALL; IN PHAS, ASP \& S{\textquoteright}SOMA ANT PRT OF V.N.C. CONNECTED TO SPEC. SENS ORG., POSSIBLY RUDIM STATOCYST. NEUROSECRET. IN ALL; PRODUCTS RELEASED INTO COELOM AND/OR POLIAN VESS; OTHERS INTO CENTRAL NEUROPILE. DIGITATE PROC. OF S{\textquoteright}LUS STORE NEUROSEC. PROD.; 6. V.N.C. MORPH {\textendash} NO METAM; LATERL. NRV.; PARAN MUSCL; SPEC. UNDIFFERENTIATED CELLS {\textquoteright}REGENERATION CELLS{\textquoteright} IN NRV. CRD.; WILL FORM ECTODERML PRT OF REGEN INTROV; IN S{\textquoteright}LUS TERM PRT OF VNC = TERM GANGL CONNECTS W SECRET. TERMINL ORG; SECRE EXTERNL (SEE AKES.MON)*}, pages = {1-249}, keywords = {development, histology, nervous, ORGAN SYST.}, author = {{\r A}kesson, B.} }