@article {525,
	title = {Observations on development and metamorphosis of Siphonosoma cumanense with comparative remarks on Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula, Sipunculidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin of Marine Science},
	volume = {42},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	note = {ABST: THE DEVEL OF S.C. DESCRIBED FROM FERTILIZ THRU TROCHOPHORE \& PLANKTOTROPHIC PELAGOSPHERA LARVAL STAGES \& METAM OF PELAG. TO JUVINLE. THE PLANTO. PELAGOSPHERA LARVA BECOMES COMPETENT TO METAM AT 8 WKS OF AGE, AT WHICH TIME METAM CAN BE INDUCED BY EXPOS TO SEDIMENT PREVIOUSLY OCCUPIED BY ADULTS OF THIS SPP. THE RESEMBL OF THIS PEL. LARV. REARED IN THE LAB FROM KNOWN ADULTS TO THAT OF AN OCEANIC LARVA FREQUENTLY COLLECTED IN THE GULF ST. SYST. CONFIRMS THE PREVIOUSLY TENTATIVE IDENTIFICATION OF THE OCEANIC LARV AS S.C. THIS IS THE FIRST STUDY IN WHICH A SIP SP KNOWN TO POSSESS A PLANKTONIC OCEANIC LARVA HAS BEEN REARED IN THE LAB FROM FERT > JUVIN. COMPARISON OF DEVEL OF S.C. \& S.N. BOTH IN SAME FAMILY SHOW MARKED DIFFERENCES. WHEREAS IN S.C. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURES ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF SPP IN OTHER FAMILIES OF SIP WHICH HAVE PLANKTO DEVELOPMENT, IN S.N. THE EMBRYO DIFFERS IN THAT IT IS ENCLOSED BY CILIATED CELLS WHICH ARE PRESUMED HOMOLOGUES TO THE PROTOTROCH CELLS OF OTHER SPP, AND, AT TRANSFORMATION TO THE PELAGOSPHERA, IT CASTS OFF THESE CELLS AS THE ENTIRE OVERLYING EGG ENVELOPE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE PECULIAR DEVELOP. FEATURES OF S.N. ARE NOT CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FAMILY SIP{\textquoteright}DAE \& CAN BE CONSIDERED AS HIGHLY MODIFIED WITHIN THE PHYLUM. *(GO TO F4) FIRST SENTENCE, REFERS TO 4 FAMILIES AS PER S\&E!! COLLECTED IN PUERTO RICO; SPAWN IN SEPT/OCT; BOTH NEPH AT SAME TIME - FORCEFUL; MALES ALSO BUT DIDN{\textquoteright}T CLEAR THE BURROW AS MUCH AS FEMALES. FEMALES ALL GONE AT ONCE, MALES REPEATED SMALL BURSTS OVER EXTENDED PERIOD (UP TO 2 HRS \& UP TO 55/HR). EGGS SPHERICL. \& AVER. 122UM DIAM. EGG ENVELOPE 5-6UM THICK W DISTINCT PORES; SPERMATOZOA IS OF PRIMATIVE TYPE W ROUNDED HEAD, BASAL MITOCHONDRIA SPHERES AND ELONGATE TAIL. DEVELOPMENT: 8 CELLS AFTER 1H,50MIN \& 4D CELL BIG, OTHER MACRO \& MICRO SMALL \& EQUAL TO EACH OTHER. 4HRS > BLASTOMERE W EQUATORIAL PROTOTROCH \& FEW APICAL CILIA; BY 7 HRS ACTIVE SWIMMING; BY 11 HRS POSIT. PHOTOTROPIC. ... 48 HRS GUT W 3 PARTS> ESOPH, STOM, INTEST;= TROCHOPHORE. AT 58 HRS SECRETE MUCUS FROM TAIL \& ATTACH TO ONE ANOTHER. ... META TO PELAGOSP AT 60-70 HRS. MOUTH OPENS IN VENTRAL PRETROCH.. EGG ENVELOPE RUPT. FOR ANUS TOO. POSTERIOR TERMINAL ORGAN FORMS \& PROTOTROCH LOST \& METATROCH FORMS. ... 14 DAY LARVA FEEDS ON PHYTOPL. OR BOTTOM DETRITUS. TERMIN. ATTACHMENT ORGAN WELL FORMED.. ATTACH FOR SHORT PERIODS - *PICK UP AT 6 WEEKS* * GO TO RICE2.MON},
	pages = {1-15},
	keywords = {development, siph. cumanense},
	author = {Rice, M. E.}
}
@article {412,
	title = {Pinnotherids (Crustacea: Decapoda) and Leptonaceans (Mollusca: Bivalvia) associated with sipunculan worms in Hong Kong},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington},
	volume = {100},
	number = {3},
	year = {1987},
	note = {@ S.N. \& S.C. FROM HONG KONG EACH HAVE COMMENSAL ASSOCIATES, A LEPTONACCAN BIVALVE AND ONE PINNOTHERID CRAB, LIVING IN THEIR BURROWS. W S.N. \& BIVALVE FRONSELLA OHSHIMAI AND MEMBERS OF NEW GEN,NEW SP OF PINN. CRAB, INDOPINNIXA SIPUNCULANA, \& S.C. W BIVALVE NIPPONOMYSELLASUBTRUNNCATA \& THE CRAB MORTENSENELLA FORCEPS. BIVALVES OCCUR FROM 1-9 / MEAN $\#$5 PER S.N. \& 1-7, MEAN 3.3/S.C. CRABS EITHER 1 OR 2. PAIRS SEEMS MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE OF EACH OTHER, WITH REGARD TO BOTH INTER- AND INTRAHOST SPECIFICITY.},
	pages = {543-551},
	keywords = {commensals, s. nudus, siph. cumanense},
	author = {Manning, R. B. and Morton, B.}
}
@article {535,
	title = {Larval development and metamorphosis of Siphonosoma cumanense (Keferstein, l867)},
	journal = {American Zoologist},
	volume = {24},
	year = {1984},
	pages = {47A},
	keywords = {development, LARVAE, siph. cumanense},
	author = {Rice, M. E. and Reichardt, H. F.}
}
@article {378,
	title = {Histological observation in the early regeneration of the introvert of Siphonosoma cumanense},
	journal = {Annal and Report of the Noto Marine Biological Laboratory},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1961},
	note = {@ IN JAPANESE, ENGL. SUMMARY CUT THE INTROVERT OFF 1 CM BEHIND DISTAL END. LOOKED AT HISTOL OF REGENERATING INTRO. AT 1 DAY REGEN BLASTEMA APPEARED TO CLOSE CUT END. NEW EPITHEL TISSUE DERIVED FROM OLD EPITH SPREAD AS NETWORK OVER BLASTEMA \& UNDER BLASTEMA 4 CELL TYPES (A, B, C, \& D) CELLS ACCUMULATED. A \& B OFTEN FOUND IN BODY LIQUID. COULDN{\textquoteright}T TRACE C \& D CELLS BUT C CELLS GATHERED IN FRONT OF CUT END OF VENTRAL NERVE CORD. AT 4 DAYS THE BLASTEMA BECAME THINNER AT THE MEDIAN PART (CENTRAL?). AT 5 DAYS THIS MEDIAN AREA OPENED SO OUTSIDE COMMUNICATE W INSIDE. AT THIS SAME TIME THE A CELLS ACCUM UNDER THE EPITHEL \& C CELLS LAY INBETWEEN EPITH CELLS. AT 6 DAYS EPITHEL CELLS ARRANGED IN GOOD ORDER BUT NO CUTICLE YET. NEW CIRC. MUSL. LAYER INCOMPLETE.},
	pages = {1-6},
	keywords = {regeneration, siph. cumanense},
	author = {Kido, T. and Kishida, Y.}
}
